For a plant that emits an overpowering stench of rotting carcass, you’d think the corpse flower would have a PR problem.
But it’s quite the opposite: Anytime a corpse flower opens up at a botanical garden somewhere in the world, visitors flock to catch a whiff and get a glimpse of the giant plant, which can grow up to 10 feet tall when it blooms and generally only does so every two to 10 years.
Corpse flowers — also known as titan arum — open when it’s warm, and biologists at botanical gardens around the Bay Area are tending to the fickle plants in preparation for potential blooms this spring and summer. The University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley has 19 corpse flowers; the Conservatory of Flowers in San Francisco has five. And nearby, the UC Davis Botanical Conservatory has close to 20.
A corpse flower known as Maladora opens up at the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley on the night of Oct. 25, 2017.
In October, a corpse flower known as Maladora opened at the UC Botanical Garden, that plant’s first bloom there since 2010. And in June, Terra the Titan opened at the Conservatory of Flowers, attracting 6,000 to 8,000 additional visitors. Could a repeat be in order soon?
“We don’t know if any will flower this summer,” said Kristen Natoli, the conservatory’s chief nursery specialist. “That’s the great adventure with these plants.”
At the UC Botanical Garden, Vanessa Handley, director of collections and research, said there’s “a decent chance” one will put on a show this summer.
And at the UC Davis Botanical Conservatory, collections manager Ernesto Sandoval is keeping his eye on three plants that he thinks could bloom as early as this spring.
A corpse flower’s whole survival strategy is based on deception. It’s not a flower and it’s not a rotting dead animal, but it mimics both. Pollination remains out of sight, deep within the plant. KQED’s Deep Look staff was able to film inside Maladora when it bloomed on Oct. 25, revealing the rarely seen moment when the plant’s male flowers release glistening strings of pollen.
Male flowers inside a corpse flower release strings of pollen. This corpse flower opened up at the UC Botanical Garden in Berkeley, California, on the night of Oct. 25, 2017. The male flowers released their pollen the following afternoon.
It’s not that the corpse flower is the only plant to attract pollinators like flies and beetles by putting out bad smells. Nor is it the only one that produces male and female flowers at the same time.
“The fact that it does all of this at this outsized scale — all of this together — is what’s so unique about it biologically,” said Pati Vitt, senior scientist at the Chicago Botanic Garden.
Corpse flowers, which are threatened by poachers and deforestation in their native Sumatra, are found in more than 60 botanical gardens around the world. This one, known as Maladora, opened up at the UC Botanical Garden in Berkeley, California, last October. The red “skirt” is a modified leaf called a spathe. Together with the yellow structure called the spadix, the spathe exudes chemicals that produce a stench similar to that of a dead, rotting animal, which attracts pollinators that lay their eggs on carcasses.
When a titan arum is ready to flower, a stalk starts to grow out of the soil. Once it has reached 4 to 10 feet, a red “skirt” unfurls. Though it has the appearance of a petal, it’s really a modified leaf called a spathe. Deep red and glistening, it looks like a raw steak.
The yellow stalk underneath is called the spadix and it gives the plant its scientific name, Amorphophallus titanum, or roughly “giant deformed phallus.”
Hidden at the bottom of the spadix are rows of male flowers — yellow sacs that look like corn kernels — from where pollen will burst out. And right below them are rows of female flowers — purple tubes called stamens topped by round orange balls, the stigmas that will be fertilized with pollen grains.
The plant known as the corpse flower isn’t really a single flower. It hides its flowers at the bottom of a yellow stalk called the spadix.
In its native Sumatra, the corpse flower opens for only 24 hours. In captivity, it often lasts longer. With just a day to reproduce, the stakes are high. It would be easy if the plant could reproduce using its own pollen. But the plant needs fresh genetic material — pollen from other corpse flowers — to make the fruit and seeds that eventually will become healthy new plants.
So it staggers things. The female flowers are ready first: They get sticky to trap the pollen grains. The male flowers won’t release their strings of pollen until hours later, when the plant’s female flowers are no longer able to be fertilized. This is how the plant avoids inbreeding.
Rows of male flowers (yellow) and female flowers (orange and purple) inside a titan arum at the UC Botanical Garden in Berkeley, California. Titan arums have evolved so that their female and male flowers are ready for pollination at different times, within hours of each other. This helps the plant receive new genetic material, so it can produce strong offspring.
As its female flowers become receptive to pollen, the corpse flower sends out a powerful stench, more than 30 chemicals in all, according to a recent paper by Vijayasankar Raman, from the University of Mississippi, and colleagues.
Different parts of the plant produce different chemicals at different stages of the flowering, said Raman.
And the chemical compounds are released in pulses rather than in a continuous stream. This saves the plant energy, said Handley, of the UC Botanical Garden. Heat from the spadix, which warms up to body temperature, helps carry the compounds away.
Some of the chemicals have a pleasant scent. The spathe — the red “skirt” — releases a jasmine aroma, for example. But mostly, the corpse flower at first smells like funky cheese and rotting garlic, as a result of sulphur-smelling compounds the plant emits. Hours later, the stink changes to what Handley describes as “dead rat in the walls of your house.”
A fly covered in pollen explores the inside of a corpse flower at the UC Botanical Garden in Berkeley, California. The fly is standing on a female flower. The yellow sacs in the background are the plant’s male flowers, which produce pollen. Though corpse flowers have both male and female flowers, these plants don’t pollinate with their own pollen. They produce an aroma that mimics the stench of dead, rotting animals. The scent attracts pollinators like flies and beetles that lay their eggs on carcasses.
These putrid smells and the raw meat look attract the plant’s pollinators, insects that usually lay their eggs on animal carcasses. Carrion flies and beetles come and investigate, thinking the plant might be a good spot for their young.
“They fumble around and leave, and in the best-case scenario they’re covered in pollen that they carry to another receptive plant,” said Handley.
Vanessa Handley, director of collections and research at the UC Botanical Garden in Berkeley, California, cuts a hole in Maladora on Oct. 26.
When a corpse flower is in bloom in a botanical garden, there usually aren’t any others that are open. So biologists cut a hole on the side of the blooming plant through which they access the male flowers. With a metal spatula, they collect pollen by hand to freeze and use later to pollinate another corpse flower.
Vanessa Handley scrapes pollen off the male flowers inside Maladora, through a hole she cut on the side of the plant.
Biologists are careful not to pollinate their corpse flowers too often, though, because growing fruit and seeds requires an enormous effort on the part of the plant.
“This might cause the plant to put all its energy into its seeds,” said Sandoval, of the UC Davis Botanical Conservatory, “and the plant itself dying.”
Corpse flowers are vulnerable: Poachers and deforestation have reduced their numbers in Sumatra. And although botanical gardens will occasionally sell them to the public, they warn that the plants need a tropical greenhouse with ample space. A corpse flower grows a 10-to-15-foot leaf every year, so tall and voluminous that it resembles a whole palm tree.
This plant at the UC Botanical Garden in Berkeley, California, looks like it has many leaves, but it’s actually a single leaf of a corpse flower. The leaf of a corpse flower can grow to be 15 feet tall and as voluminous as a palm tree, which makes the plants unsuitable to grow at home, say botanical garden biologists.
“They’re not a realistic plant to grow at home,” said Handley, who pointed out that a number of titan arums have been returned to the UC Botanical Garden.
So for now it’s the waiting game, to see one of these lonely giant plants in the world’s museums and conservatories drawing thousands of visitors, rather than bugs.
